| |
|
STANDARDS. |
|
Large knees, of oak or iron, fayed on the deck and against
the side. The arm upon the deck is bolted through the beams and clenched
beneath, and the other arm through the ship's side. Their use is, for
strengthening the sides, and resisting any violent or sudden shock.
There is also a standard fayed on the gun-deck against the
apron forward, another against the transoms abaft, and one in the head upon the
knee, when the piece against the stem does not run high enough for the hole of
the main-stay collar. |
| |
|
STANDARDS |
|
are also large poles, set up endways at certain distances
round the slips, and to which the spars are hung to support the staying. They
have cleats nailed along the fore and after sides, at about two feet distance,
in nearly the whole length. |
| |
|
STANDING. |
|
A term applied to a beveling which is obtuse, or without a
square, to distinguish it from an acute or under beveling, which is within a
square. |
| |
|
STANCHIONS or
STANTIENTS. |
|
The upright pieces of quartering in a bulkhead,
breastwork. Likewise the iron uprights, fixed round the quarters for the
netting, and along the waist, to ship the rail in. |
| |
|
STAPLES. |
|
Crooked fastenings. KEEL-STAPLES are generally made of
copper, from six to twelve inches long, with a jagged hook at each end. They are
driven into the sides of the main and false keels to fasten them. |
| |
|
STARBOARD-SIDE.
|
|
The right hand side of the ship when looking forward from
the stern. |
| |
|
STAYS. |
|
Large ropes to support the masts which are extended
towards the forepart of the ship counteracting the effort of the shrouds which
mostly lead abaft, and thereby keeping the mast in a steady position.
|
| |
|
STEELER. [stealer]
|
|
A name given to the foremost or aftermost plank, in a
strake which drops short of the stem and stern-post, and of which the end or
butt nearest the rabbet is worked very narrow, and well forward or aft. Their
use is, to take out the snying edge occasioned by a full bow, or sudden circular
buttock. |
| |
|
STEERING-WHEEL |
|
The wheel on the quarter deck to which the tiller rope is
connected; and by turning of which, the helm is moved or kept in any fixed
position. |
| |
|
STEM. |
|
The main timber at the fore-part of the ship, formed, by
the combination of several pieces, into a circular shape, and erected vertically
to receive the ends of the bow planks, which are united to it by means of a
rabbet. Its lower end scarps or boxes into the keel, through which the rabbet is
also carried, and the bottom unites in the same manner. |
| |
|
STEMSON. |
|
A piece of compass timber, wrought on the aft part of the
apron within side, the lower end of which scarps into the kelson. Its upper end
is continued as high as the middle or upper-deck; and its use is to succor the
scarps of apron, as that does those of the stem. |
| |
|
STEPPING. |
|
A rabbet sunk in the dead-wood, at the bearding-line,
whereon the heels of the timbers rest. |
| |
|
STEPS OF THE MASTS.
|
|
The steps into which the heels of the masts are fixed, are
large pieces of timber. Those for the main and fore masts are fixed across the
kelson, and that for the mizzen mast upon the lower deck beams.
The holes or mortises into which the masts step, should
have sufficient wood on each side to accord in strength with the tendon left at
the heel of the mast, and the hole should be cut rather less than the tendon, as
an allowance for shrinking. |
| |
|
STEP FOR THE CAPSTAN.
|
|
A solid lump of oak, fixed on the beams, in which the heel
of the capstan works. |
| |
|
STEPS FOR THE SHIP'S
SIDE. |
|
The pieces of quartering, with moldings, nailed to the
sides, amidships, about nine inches asunder, from the wale upwards, for
the convenience of persons getting on board |
| |
|
STERN. |
|
The after part of the ship extending from the wing-transom
upwards, being terminated above by the taffarel, below by the counters, and on
the sides by the quarter-pieces. It therefore comprehends the lights or windows
of the captain's cabin. |
| |
|
STERN-FRAME.
|
|
The strong frame of timber, composed of the stern-post,
transom and fashion-piece, which form the basis of the whole stern. |
| |
|
STERN-POST. |
|
The principal piece of timber in the stern-frame, on which
the rudder is hung, and to which the transoms are bolted. It therefore
terminates the ship below the wing-transom, and its lower end is tanned into the
keel. |
| |
|
STEWARD'S ROOM.
|
|
An apartment built on the larboard side of the after
platform, whence the purser's steward issues the provisions to the ship's
company, and where he makes up his accounts. |
| |
|
STIFF. |
|
Stable or steady. |
| |
|
STILES. |
|
The upright pieces of the framing of the great cabin
bulkheads. which comprehends the panels. |
| |
|
STIRRUP. |
|
An iron or copper plate, that turns upwards on each side
of a ship's keel and dead-wood, at the fore-foot, or at her skeg, and bolts
through all. This can only be necessary when the dead-wood bolts are driven
short, or are supposed to be insufficient. |
| |
|
STIVING. |
|
The elevation of a ship's cathead or bowsprit; or the
angle which either makes with the horizon. |
| |
|
STOOLS. |
|
Pieces of plank, bolted to the quarters, for the purpose
of forming and erecting the galleries. Also ornamental blocks for the poop
lanterns to stand on abaft. |
| |
|
STOPPINGS-UP.
|
|
The poppets, timber. used to fill up the vacancy between
the upper-side of the bilgeways and the ship's bottom, for supporting her when
launching. |
| |
|
STOPPER-BOLTS.
|
|
Large ring-bolts, driven through the deck and beams before
the main-hatch, for the use of the stoppers. They are carefully clinched on iron
plates beneath. |
| |
|
STOPPERS. |
|
Short ropes, with a knot at one end, and the other end
turned round a thimble into the ring of the stopper-bolts, by which, and its
lanyard, the cable is confined. |
| |
|
STORE-ROOMS.
|
|
The several apartments built upon the platform to contain
the different officers' stores. |
| |
|
STRAIGHT OF BREADTH.
|
|
The space before and abaft dead-flat, in which the ship is
of the same uniform breadth, or of the same breadth as at dead-flat.
|
| |
|
STRAKE. |
|
One breadth of plank wrought from one end of the ship to
the other, either within or without board. |
| |
|
STRING. |
|
One or two strakes of plank within side, next under the
gunwale, answering to the sheer-strake with outside, scarped in the same manner
as the sheer-strake, giving shift to the scarps of the sheer-strake, and bolted
through the ship's side into the sheer-strake between the drifts, to give
greater strength; as this part requires all the security that is possible to be
given in order to assist the sheer. |
| |
|
SUPERNATANT PART
OF THE SHIP. |
|
That part which when afloat, is above the water, anciently
expressed by the name of Dead Work. |
| |
|
SUPPORTERS. |
|
The circular knees placed under the catheads for their
security and support. |
| |
|
SURGE. |
|
The tapered part of the whelps, between the chocks of the
capstan, upon which, when judiciously hollowed, the messenger may surge itself
without any other encumbrance. |
| |
|
SWEEP OF THE TILLER.
|
|
A semi-circular plank, fixed up under the beams near the
fore-end of the tiller, which it supports.
On the foreside of the sweep is a groove for the tiller
rope, in which groove rollers are fixed to enliven the rope. On the aft side is
a ledge or rabbet defended with iron plate, on which the goose-neck of the
tiller traverses.
|
| |
|
SWEEPS. |
|
The various parts of the bodies shaped by segments of
circles. Such are the floor-sweeps, lower breadth-sweep, upper breadth-sweep,
and back-sweep, or top timber-hollow. |
| |
|
SYPHERED. |
|
A mode of joining, by over-lapping the edge of one plank
upon another, with a beveling edge, instead of rabbeting, in such a manner that
both planks shall make a plain surface, though not a flat or square joint.
|
|
|
TABLING. |
|
Letting one piece of timber into another by alternate
scores or projections from the middle, so that it cannot be drawn asunder either
lengthwise or sidewise. |
| |
|
TACKLE. |
|
An assemblage of two or more blocks connected by a rope
called the fall reeved through their mortises, and used for lifting or removing
weighty bodies. |
| |
|
TAFFAREL, or TAFF-RAIL.
|
|
The upper part of the ship's stern, usually ornamented
with carved work or molding, the ends of which unite to the quarter-pieces.
|
| |
|
TAIL, To, or
DOVE-TAIL, To. |
|
To let one piece of timber into another, when the lap
forms a sort of wedge, so that it cannot come asunder endwise. |
| |
|
TAKE-IN, To.
|
|
To come up with a set and make it fast again closer to the
plank, as it works nearer to the timbers. |
| |
|
TAR. |
|
The juices of the pine or fir-tree boiled to a thick
consistence, and used to pay the joints between scarps of beams. and also the
outside of the ship; because, by filling up the pores of the wood, it prevents
the sun from splitting, and the wet from rotting it. |
| |
|
TASKING of PLANK or
TIMBER. |
|
Chipping it with an adze, or boring it with a small auger,
for the purpose of ascertaining its quality or defects. |
| |
|
TEACH, To. |
|
A term applied to the direction that any line. ms to point
out. Thus we say, "let the line or mould teach fair to such a spot,
rase," |
| |
|
TENON. |
|
The square part at the end of one piece of timber
diminished so as to fix in a hole of another piece, called a mortise, for
joining or fastening the two pieces together. |
| |
|
TERMS or TERM-PIECES.
|
|
Pieces of carved work placed under each end of the
taffarel, upon the side stern-timber, and reaching as low down as the foot-rail
of the balcony. |
| |
|
THICKSTUFF |
|
A name for sided timber, exceeding four inches, but not
being more than twelve inches, in thickness. |
| |
|
THOLES. |
|
The battens or pins which form the rowlocks of a boat.
|
| |
|
THROAT. |
|
The inside of knee timber at the middle or turn of the
arms. Also the midship part of the floor timbers and transoms. |
| |
|
THWARTS. |
|
The benches in a boat whereon the rowers sit to manage
their oars. |
| |
|
THWARTSHIPS or
ATHWARTSHIPS. |
|
Across the ship, or from one side to the other. RIGHT
ATHWART, signifies square, or at right angles, with the keel. |
| |
|
TIER. |
|
A regular row of any thing, as of carlings, of shores, of
ships. |
| |
|
TILLER. |
|
A piece of timber which should be straight grained and
free from knots fitted into the head of the rudder as a lever for the purpose of
moving it from side to side, in order to steer the ship. |
| |
|
TIMBERS. |
|
A name generally given to the pieces of timber which
compose the frame of a ship, as floor-timbers, futtock-timbers,
and top timbers); as also the stem or head-timbers,
and the stern-timbers. Sometimes those carved ornaments upon the munions, in the
stead of pilasters, are called stern-timbers. |
| |
|
TONGUE. |
|
A long tapered end of one piece of timber made to fay into
a scarp at the end of another piece. This method is used to gain length, and is
called tonguing. |
| |
|
TONGUE OF A BEVEL.
|
|
The moveable part by which the angles or beveling are
taken. |
| |
|
TONGUE, CALVES
|
|
is a sort of molding usually made at the caps and bases of
turned or round pillars to taper or hance the round part into the square.
|
| |
|
TONGUING, |
|
is lengthening the main-piece of timber by another piece
generally shorter. The one piece is fitted into the other by a long tapering
TENON or tongue, and both are bolted and sometimes hooped together. |
| |
|
TONNAGE. |
|
The cubical content, or burthen of a ship in tons; which
is commonly estimated by a fantastical rule, given hereafter, producing what is
denominated the builder's tonnage. The real burthen a ship is to carry, when
brought down in the water to the load draught of water intended in the
construction, may be found by the rules given in the subsequent part of this
work.
The word is derived from a ton, or weight of water equal
to 2000 pounds; for it appears that anciently, a cubic foot of water, weighing
62-1/2 pounds, was assumed as a general standard for liquids. This cubic foot,
multiplied by 32, gives 2000, the original weight of a ton. Hence 8 cubic feet
of water made a hogshead, and 4 hogshead a ton, in capacity and denomination as
well as weight.
|
| |
|
TOP-HAMPER. |
|
Any unnecessary weight aloft, either on the topside of the
ship or about its tops and rigging. |
| |
|
TOP AND BUTT.
|
|
A method of working English plank so as to make good
conversion. As the plank runs very narrow at the top clear of sap, this is done
by disposing the top-end of every plank within six feet of the butt end of the
plank above or below it, letting every plank work as broad as it will hold clear
of sap, by which method only can every other seam produce a fair edge.
|
| |
|
TOPSIDE. |
|
A name given to all that part of a ship's side above the
main-wales. |
| |
|
TOP-TIMBERS.
|
|
The timbers which form the topside. The first general tier
which reach the top are called long top-timbers, and those below are called the
short top-timbers. |
| |
|
TOP-TIMBER LINE.
|
|
The curve limiting the height of the sheer at the given
breadth of the top-timbers. |
| |
|
TOP-TIMBER
HALF-BREADTH. |
|
A section containing one half of the ship, at the height
of the top-timber line, perpendicular to the plane of elevation. |
| |
|
TOUCH. |
|
The broadest part of a plank worked top and butt, which
place is six feet from the butt-end, or, the middle of a plank worked
anchor-stock fashion. Also the sudden angles of the stern-timbers at the
counters. |
| |
|
TRAIL-BOARDS.
|
|
A term for the carved work, between the cheeks at the heel
of the figure. |
| |
|
TRANSOMS. |
|
The thwartships timbers which are bolted to the
stern-post, in order to form the buttock; and of which the curves, forming the
round aft, are represented on the horizontal, or half-breadth plan of the
ship |
| |
|
TRANSOM-KNEES.
|
|
Knees bolted to the transoms, and the side of the ship in
the direction of the transoms. These knees when they cross the transoms are
called SLEEPERS. |
| |
|
TRANSPORTING.
|
|
Moving a ship from one situation to another by hawsers
only. |
| |
|
TRANSPORTING-BLOCKS.
|
|
Two snatch blocks, fitted one on each side above the
taffarel to admit a hawser, when transporting the ship from one place to
another. |
| |
|
TRANSVERSE SECTION.
|
|
A thwartships view of any part of the ship; but may be
more properly applied when the section is not strictly athwartships. |
| |
|
TREAD OF THE KEEL.
|
|
The whole length of the keel upon a straight line.
|
| |
|
TRESTLETREE. |
|
One
of a pair of horizontal beams set into a masthead to support the
crosstrees. |
| |
|
TRICING BATTENS.
|
|
Battens about two inches thick and four inches broad,
nailed up under the deck between the beams, and which the sailors trice up the
middle of their hammocks out of the headway.
|
| |
|
TRIM, To. |
|
To work or finish any piece of timber or plank into its
proper form or shape. |
| |
|
TREENAILS. |
|
Cylindrical oak pins driven through the planks and timbers
of a vessel to fasten or connect them together. These certainly make the best
fastenings when driven quite through, and caulked or wedged inside. They should
be made of the very best oak split out near the butt, and perfectly dry or well
seasoned. |
| |
|
TRUSS. |
|
Short pieces of carved work, mostly in small ships, fitted
under the taffarel in the same manner as the term-pieces. |
| |
|
TUCK, THE. |
|
The aft part of the ship where the ends of the planks of
the bottom are terminated by the tuck-rail, and all below the wing-transom when
it partakes of the figure of the wing-transom as far as the fashion-pieces.
|
| |
|
TUCK-RAIL. |
|
The rail which is wrought well with the upper side of the
wing-transom, and forms a rabbet for the purpose of caulking the butt ends of
the planks of the bottom. |
| |
|
TUMBLING HOME,
or FALLING HOME. |
|
The inclination of the top-side from a perpendicular
towards the centre or the middle of the ship. The top-sides of three-decked
ships have the greatest tumbling home, for the purpose of clearing the upper
works from the smoke and fire of the lower guns. |
|
|
UNDER. |
|
A term applied to any beveling that is within a square, or
forming an acute angle. |
| |
|
UNSHIP, To. |
|
To remove any thing from its place, or the situation in
which it is generally used. Thus, to unship the tiller, is to take it out of the
rudder-head. |
| |
|
UPPER-DECK. |
|
The highest of those decks which are continued throughout
the whole length of a ship, without falls or interruption.
|
| |
|
VOYAL. |
|
A large rope, used to unmoor, or heave up the anchor, by
communicating the effect of the capstan to the cable. |
| |
